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| 1861 | North America - USA Osborn & Durbec, 1861, April, Sumter after the bombardment, Stereo, DeGolyer Library, South Methodist University - SMU, | Fort Sumter in Charleston is fired on by Confederate guns commencing the hostilities of the American Civil War (1861-1865). The fort surrenders after 33 hours of shelling and miraculously nobody on either side was killed or seriously injured. | 1861 | North America - Mexico | French forces are defeated in Mexico at the Battle of Peubla. | 1861 | Africa - West Africa | British establish a colony at Lagos in west Africa | 1861 | North America - USA | American Civil War | 1861 | Europe - Italy | Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy brought about by the Risorgimento. | 1864 | Europe - Denmark | Prussian and Austrian forces attack Denmark. | 1865 | South America Esteban Garcia, n.d., [War of the Triple Alliance], Biblioteca Nacional, Uruguay, | War of the Triple Alliance in South America - with Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay against Paraguay. | 1865 | North America - USA Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries (New York & Washington DC), 1865, Funeral car of the late beloved President Lincoln (Manuscript title on verso) [Detail], Carte de visite, Jeffrey Kraus Antique Photographics, | President Abraham Lincoln is assassinated in the Ford Theater in Washington by John Wilkes Booth. | 1866 | Europe | The Austro-Prussian War leads to Austria breaking away from the German states and the establishment of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1867. | 1867 | North America - Mexico | Emperor Maximillan I is executed by firing squad in Mexico. This event was immortalized in the paintings of Édouard Manet (1832-1883). | 1867 | Europe | Austro-Hungarian Empire established | 1869 | Middle East - Egypt Adolphe Braun, 1869, Groupe de voyageurs européens visitant les monuments égyptiens au moment de l'inauguration du canal de Suez, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Département des Estampes et de la Photographie, | The Suez Canal opens for traffic. | 1870 | Europe | Franco-Prussian War | 1871 | Europe - France Unidentified photographer, 1871, 16 May, Destruction of the Colonne Vendôme, May 16, 1871., Albumen print, Northwestern University Library, McCormick Library of Special Collections, | Paris Commune | 1871 | Europe | German Empire established | 1877 | Asia - India | Queen Victoria is crowned Empress of India. | 1878 | Africa - Northern Africa | France obtains control of Tunisia at the Congress of Berlin. | 1878 | Africa - Central Africa Neurdein Frères, n.d., Leopold II, King of the Belgians, Carte de visite, Private collection of T. Max Hochstetler, | King Leopold II of Belgium funds the exploration of the Congo river basin by Henry Morton Stanley. | 1879 | Africa - Southern Africa | British forces under Lord Chelmsford crush the Zulu kingdom. |