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| 1860 | North America - Mexico Désiré Charnay, 1860, La Prison, à Chichen-Itza, Albumen print, George Eastman Museum, | Désiré Charnay publishes Album fotografico Mexicano with twenty five photographs detailing his studies of Mayan ruins. | 1860 | Europe - Great Britain J.E. Mayall, n.d., The Queen and Prince Consort, Carte de visite, albumen, Charles Nes Photography LLC New York - Paris, | John Jabez Edwin Mayall takes portraits of Queen Victoria, Prince Albert and their children which encourages the collecting of photographic cards of celebrities. | 1860 | North America - USA James Wallace Black, 1860, 13 October, Aerial view of Boston, Albumen print, from glass negative, Metropolitan Museum of Art, | James Wallace Black took an aerial photograph of Boston, MA, USA. (Metropolitan Museum of Art, Robert O. Dougan Collection, Gift of Warner Communications Inc., 1981 (1981.1229.4) | 1861 | North America - USA Osborn & Durbec, 1861, April, Sumter after the bombardment, Stereo, DeGolyer Library, South Methodist University - SMU, | Fort Sumter in Charleston is fired on by Confederate guns commencing the hostilities of the American Civil War (1861-1865). The fort surrenders after 33 hours of shelling and miraculously nobody on either side was killed or seriously injured. | 1861 | North America - Mexico | French forces are defeated in Mexico at the Battle of Peubla. | 1861 | Africa - West Africa | British establish a colony at Lagos in west Africa | 1861 | North America - USA | American Civil War | 1861 | Europe - Italy | Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy brought about by the Risorgimento. | 1861 | Europe - Great Britain Unidentified photographer, n.d., James Clerk Maxwell, Photograph, Internet - Original source ill-defined, | James Clerk Maxwell demonstrates that by using three filters of the primary colors (red, green and blue) a full color image can be projected. This is the foundation of the additive process. | 1861 | North America - USA | The earliest two patent applications for a photo album in the US were by F.R. Grumel, Geneva, Switzerland on May 14 1861 followed by H.T. Anthony (of E. & H.T. Anthony) and Frank Phoebus with another application for an album on May 28th 1861. | 1861 | North America - USA Carleton E. Watkins, 1861, Stereoview of Yosemite, Glass positive stereoviews, Christie's - New York, | Carleton E. Watkins makes his first trip to Yosemite Valley in California with a 100 mammoth glass plate negatives. Each plate weighs 4 lbs and is approximately 18 x 22 inches and captures the grandeur with remarkable fidelity. During the trip he takes 30 mammoth plates and one hundred stereoscopic negatives. | 1861 | Europe - Italian states Eugène Sevaistre, 1860-1861 (ca), La batteria Presidio (o Cappelletti) [Gaeta, Italy], Albumen print, Comune di Gaeta, | Eugène Sevaistre uses a stereoscopic camera to obtain a faster exposure during the siege of Gaeta (near Naples) during the war between the King of Naples, Francesco II Borbone and the Kingdom of Sardinia. | 1862 | Europe - Great Britain Unidentified photographer / artist, 1862, 148 Case of Game Birds of Nova Scotia (Detail), [The International Exhibition of 1862], Stereocard, Jefferson Stereoptics, | London International Exhibition in South Kensington, London | 1862 | Central America Désiré Charnay, 1860, The Great Palace at Mitla, interior of the Court, Albumen print, British Library, | Désiré Charnay (1828–1915) after returning to France from his travels in Central America (1857 and 1860) publishes Cités et ruines américaines. The book is published in two volumes (1862/1863) and includes forty-nine original photographs. | 1862 | Europe - France Duchenne & Adrien Tournachon, n.d., Plate Nr. 10, [Mécanisme de la physionomie humaine, ou analyse électrophysiologique des passions], Albumen print, Charles Nes Photography LLC New York - Paris, | Guillaume-Amant Duchenne de Boulogne (1806-1875) publishes his findings on facial muscles in the album Mécanisme de la physionomie humaine, ou analyse électrophysiologique des passions. He stimulates different facial expressions in his subjects with electrical shocks and photographs them. This is one of the earliest photographically illustrated medical research reports. | 1862 | Asia - Japan Felice Beato, 1864-1867 (ca), Satsuma's envoys, Albumen print, from wet collodion negative, hand-painted, Royal Photographic Society, | Felice Beato arrives in Japan to produce photos of "native types". | 1863 | Europe - Great Britain George Frederick Watts (artist), 1850-1852, Julia Margaret Cameron, Oil on canvas, National Portrait Gallery - NPG, | Julia Margaret Cameron takes up photography after she is given a camera as a present. | 1863 | North America - USA Alexander Gardner, 1863, Home of a Rebel Sharpshooter, [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 41], Albumen print, Lee Gallery, | Alexander Gardner “fakes” photographs of Confederate sharpshooters by moving a single corpse around to use as a prop after the Battle of Gettysburg. | 1863 | Asia - India Bourne & Shepherd, 2004, Interior of the Bourne & Shepherd Photographic Studio, Calcutta, India, Color print, Private collection, | Samuel Bourne arrives in Calcutta in early 1863. He becomes one of the preeminent photographers of British India and the Himalayas until his departure in 1870 or 1871. He has partnerships with Robertson and Howard but the most enduring was his work with Charles Shepherd and the company they created Bourne and Shepherd still continues today in Calcutta making it one of the longest established photography companies in the world. | 1864 | Europe | The first typewriter (inventor: Peter Mitterhofer) | 1864 | Europe - Great Britain Unidentified photographer / artist, 1864, Sheffield Flood, Bachelor Joseph Chapman, tailor of Hillsbrough survived by getting in this box, Sheffield City Council, Library Service, | James Mudd photographs the aftermath of the devastating Sheffield Flood in Northern England. | 1864 | Europe - Denmark | Prussian and Austrian forces attack Denmark. | 1864 | Europe - France Louis Ducos du Hauron, 1888-1889, Self-Portrait Transformation, Albumen silver print, from glass negative, George Eastman Museum, | Louis Ducos du Hauron (1837-1920) patents Chronophotographie which is the first piece of equipment to record animated objects. | 1864 | Asia - Japan Felice Beato, 1864, September, The captured Choshu Gun Battery at Shimonoseki with the Royal Navy landing party, Carte de visite, Jeffrey Kraus Antique Photographics, | Felice Beato photographs the Choshu gun battery with the Royal Navy landing party during the battle over the Shimonoseki Strait (Japan). | 1865 | South America Esteban Garcia, n.d., [War of the Triple Alliance], Biblioteca Nacional, Uruguay, | War of the Triple Alliance in South America - with Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay against Paraguay. | 1865 | Africa - Egypt Charles Piazzi Smyth, 1850-1880 (ca), All the Pyramids of Jeezah [i.e. Giza], from the south, [Australian Inland Mission Collection], Colored lantern slide, National Library of Australia, | Charles Piazzi Smyth (1819-1900) takes the first photographs of the interior of the Great Pyramid. | 1865 | North America - USA Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries (New York & Washington DC), 1865, Funeral car of the late beloved President Lincoln (Manuscript title on verso) [Detail], Carte de visite, Jeffrey Kraus Antique Photographics, | President Abraham Lincoln is assassinated in the Ford Theater in Washington by John Wilkes Booth. | 1865 | North America - USA Alexander Gardner, 1865, 7 July, Execution of the Conspirators, Albumen silver print, from glass negative, Metropolitan Museum of Art, | Lewis Powell (aka Payne), David Herold, George Atzerodt, and Mary Surratt are executed at the Old Arsenal Penitentiary in Washington for conspiring with John Wilkes Booth to assassinate President Abraham Lincoln and attempting to assassinate Secretary of State Seward. Alexander Gardner documented the execution his photographs were published as wood engravings in Harper's Weekly on 22 July 1865. | 1865 | North America - USA Unidentified artist, 1865, 22 July (published), Execution of the Conspirators - Springing of the Trap, Wood engraving, George Eastman Museum, | Wood engravings of the execution of the Lincoln conspirators published in Harper's Weekly. The photographs of Alexander Gardner taken on the day of the execution, 7 July 1865, were the basis for the illustrations. | 1866 | Europe | The Austro-Prussian War leads to Austria breaking away from the German states and the establishment of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1867. | 1866 | Europe - France | Color lithography popularized by Jules Chéret (1836-1932) in France. This made it possible to print large colored advertising posters for the first time. | 1866 | Europe - Great Britain Window & Grove, n.d., Back of a cabinet card for Window & Grove, Cabinet card, back, Private collection of T. Max Hochstetler, | The Cabinet Card (5 1/2 x 4 inches) becomes popular in Great Britain but spreads rapidly around the world. | 1866 | Europe - Scotland Thomas Annan, n.d., Title page for "the Old Closes & Streets of Glasgow", [The Old Closes & Streets of Glasgow (1900 edition)], Letterpress, Photoseed, | Thomas Annan (1829-1887) is commissioned to record alleys and dismal slums for the Glasgow Improvement Trust and these are published in The Old Closes and Streets of Glasgow (1878) | 1866 | Europe - Great Britain Walter B. Woodbury, 1888 (publication), W.B. Woodbury, Book plate, Google Books, | The Woodburytype process is patented. Walter Bentley Woodbury of Kingston-on-Thames showed specimens of his Patent Photo-Relief Process to the Photographic Society of Scotland (10 February 1866) | 1866 | North America - USA Timothy H. O'Sullivan, 1863, July, Field Where General Reynolds Fell, Gettysburg, [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 37], Albumen print, Lee Gallery, | Alexander Gardner uses his own plates and the works of other photographers to publish Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War which contains 100 tipped in albumen prints divided into two volumes. It is the most important photographic work on the American Civil War. | 1867 | North America - Mexico | Emperor Maximillan I is executed by firing squad in Mexico. This event was immortalized in the paintings of Édouard Manet (1832-1883). | 1867 | Africa | Adam Render and Carl Mauch publish research on the ruins of Great Zimbabwe. | 1867 | Europe | Austro-Hungarian Empire established | 1867 | Europe - France | The Paris International Exhibition is held. | 1867 | Africa - Southern Africa | Diamonds discovered in Cape Colony. | 1868 | Asia - China John Thomson, 1880 (ca), Itinerant Barbers, Albumen print, Throckmorton Fine Art, Inc., | John Thomson begins work on his magnum opus Illustrations of China and its People. The book, illustrated by Woodbury-type reproductions from his original photographs, is published four volumes in 1873-74 (London: Sampson Low, Marston, Low, and Searle) | 1868 | North America - USA Alexander Gardner, 1867, Across the Continent on the Union Pacific Railway, Albumen print, J. Paul Getty Museum, | Alexander Gardner completes Union Pacific Railroad portfolio, Across the Continent on the Kansas Pacific Railroad and it is among the first of the major landscape photographic studies of the American west. | 1868 | North America - USA Carleton E. Watkins, 1868, #985 Effects of the Earthquake, Oct. 21, 1868, Market and First Streets (Detail), [Taber Pacific Coast Views], Stereocard, Jefferson Stereoptics, | Carleton E. Watkins photographs the destruction of the San Francisco earthquake that ruptured the Hayward fault at 7:53 AM local time. | 1869 | North America - USA A.J. Russell, 1864-1869, East and West shaking hands at laying last rail, [Photographs taken during construction of the Union Pacific Railroad], Albumen print, Yale University, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, | The golden spike is driven at Promontory Point, Utah Territory, linking the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific railroads. This completes the construction of the first Transcontinental railway in North America and the ceremony is photographed by Andrew J. Russell , Alfred Hart and Charles Roscoe Savage. | 1869 | Europe | DNA is extracted by the Swiss physician Frederick Miescher - he calls it nuclein | 1869 | Europe - France | The first issue of Revue Photographique des Hopitaux de Paris appears. Edited by Dr. A. de Montmeja, a Parisian ophthalmologist and pioneering medical photographer, it is the first medical journal to contain photographs. | 1869 | Europe - France | Louis Ducos du Hauron publishes Les Couleurs en Photographie, Solution du Probleme that proposes the subtractive color process. | 1869 | Middle East - Egypt Adolphe Braun, 1869, Groupe de voyageurs européens visitant les monuments égyptiens au moment de l'inauguration du canal de Suez, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Département des Estampes et de la Photographie, | The Suez Canal opens for traffic. | 1870 | North America - USA | Metropolitan Museum of Art is founded in New York. | 1870 | North America - USA | Museum of Fine Arts is founded in Boston. | 1870 | Europe | Franco-Prussian War | 1870 | Asia - India | The Archaeological Survey of India is founded | 1870 | North America - USA | Henry R. Heyl of Philadelphia patents the Magic lantern projector. | 1871 | Europe - France Unidentified photographer, 1871, 16 May, Destruction of the Colonne Vendôme, May 16, 1871., Albumen print, Northwestern University Library, McCormick Library of Special Collections, | Paris Commune | 1871 | Europe | German Empire established | 1871 | North America - USA Timothy H. O'Sullivan, 1871-1874 (survey), (expedition), 7. Mountain transportation. Pack mule, Pack and Packers., [Wheeler Survey, Explorations and Surveys West of the 100th Meridian], Stereocard, detail, Etherton Gallery, | 1st Lt. Geo.M. Wheeler of the War Department Corp. of Engineers leads the Explorations and Surveys West of the 100th Meridian with Timothy H. O'Sullivan as the photographer. | 1872 | Europe - France | Louis Ducos du Hauron takes the first color photograph showing the town of Angouleme in France. | 1872 | North America - USA Alexander Gardner, 1872, May, 01 Red Cloud, [Ogallalla Sioux], Albumen print, Etherton Gallery, | Alexander Gardner photographs a delegation of Sioux Native Americans to Washington DC headed by Red Cloud. | 1874 | Europe - France Nadar, 1860, Studio of Nadar at 35 Boulevard des Capucines, Paris (detail), Albumen print, Creative Commons - Wikipedia, | Nadar holds the first exhibition of Impressionist paintings (15 April-15 May 1874) at his photographic studio at 35 boulevard des Capucines, Paris. The Salon had refused their paintings in 1873 and the painters, who collectively called themselves the Societé anonyme des artistes peintres, sculpteurs, graveurs, mounted the show as a protest. The name Impressionism was taken from one of Monet's paintings Impression: Sunrise and originated in a derogatory comment from a journalist. | 1874 | Africa - Central Africa | German botanist Georg Schweinfurth publishes The Heart of Africa and it promotes interest in the Kingdoms of Central Africa. | 1874 | North America - USA C.M. Coolidge, 1874, 14 April (patent issued), US patent No. 149,724, C.M. Coolidge, Processes of Taking Photographic Pictures, Patent, Source requested, | Cassius M. Coolidge, noted for paints of dogs playing poker, issued a patent for "Processes of Taking Photographic Pictures" (US Patent No: 149,724). The patents is for the use of comic foregrounds which are the forerunner of the comic boards with holes that people can place their heads through for a candid shot becoming part of life-size caricature. | 1875 | Africa | The Free Church of Scotland establishes the Livingstonia Mission at the southern end of Lake Malawi | 1875 | North America - USA | Bell transmits first voice message over wires | 1876 | North America - USA | Centennial Exposition also known as the International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and Mine opens in Philadelphia | 1877 | Asia - India | Queen Victoria is crowned Empress of India. | 1877 | North America - USA Eadweard Muybridge, 1887, Daisy' Cantering, Saddled (Pl.616), Collotype, Lee Gallery, | Eadweard Muybridge experiments with multiple cameras to take successive photographs of horses in motion. The experiments over multiple years result in an improved understanding of human and animal locomotion. | 1878 | Africa - Northern Africa | France obtains control of Tunisia at the Congress of Berlin. | 1878 | Africa - Central Africa Neurdein Frères, n.d., Leopold II, King of the Belgians, Carte de visite, Private collection of T. Max Hochstetler, | King Leopold II of Belgium funds the exploration of the Congo river basin by Henry Morton Stanley. | 1878 | North America - USA | First North American telephone exchange established at New Haven, Connecticut. | 1879 | Africa - Southern Africa | British forces under Lord Chelmsford crush the Zulu kingdom. |