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| 1841 | Central America | Frederick Catherwood (1799-1854) and John Lloyd Stephens (1805-1852) publish Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan. | 1848 | North America - USA Unidentified photographer, 1850 (ca), Straw-hatted gold miner, Daguerreotype, 1/4 plate, Archives of Modern Conflict OR National Gallery of Canada, | Start of the Gold Rush with the vast movements of migrants leading to the establishment of California in 1850. | 1851 | Europe - Great Britain | The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations at Hyde Park in London promoted by Prince Albert and Queen Victoria. Louis Jules Duboscq exhibits a Brewster stereograph viewer and it attracts the attention of Queen Victoria. | 1852 | North America - USA | Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896) is published. | 1853 | North America - USA | New York Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations | 1854 | Asia - Japan Eliphalet Brown, 1856, Eliphalet M. Brown Jr. shooting Daguerreotypes in Okinawa, Lithograph, detail, Private collection of Rob Oechsle, | Japan is opened to outside influences through the actions of Commodore Matthew Perry and his naval expeditions. | 1854 | North America - USA | Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) publishes Walden, or, Life in the Woods. | 1859 | Europe - Great Britain Unidentified photographer, n.d., Charles Darwin, Albumen print, Larry Gottheim, Be-hold, Inc, | Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species | 1862 | Europe - Great Britain Unidentified photographer / artist, 1862, 148 Case of Game Birds of Nova Scotia (Detail), [The International Exhibition of 1862], Stereocard, Jefferson Stereoptics, | London International Exhibition in South Kensington, London | 1864 | Europe | The first typewriter (inventor: Peter Mitterhofer) | 1866 | Europe - France | Color lithography popularized by Jules Chéret (1836-1932) in France. This made it possible to print large colored advertising posters for the first time. | 1867 | Africa | Adam Render and Carl Mauch publish research on the ruins of Great Zimbabwe. | 1867 | Europe - France | The Paris International Exhibition is held. | 1867 | Africa - Southern Africa | Diamonds discovered in Cape Colony. | 1869 | Europe | DNA is extracted by the Swiss physician Frederick Miescher - he calls it nuclein | 1870 | North America - USA | Metropolitan Museum of Art is founded in New York. | 1870 | North America - USA | Museum of Fine Arts is founded in Boston. | 1870 | Asia - India | The Archaeological Survey of India is founded | 1874 | Europe - France Nadar, 1860, Studio of Nadar at 35 Boulevard des Capucines, Paris (detail), Albumen print, Creative Commons - Wikipedia, | Nadar holds the first exhibition of Impressionist paintings (15 April-15 May 1874) at his photographic studio at 35 boulevard des Capucines, Paris. The Salon had refused their paintings in 1873 and the painters, who collectively called themselves the Societé anonyme des artistes peintres, sculpteurs, graveurs, mounted the show as a protest. The name Impressionism was taken from one of Monet's paintings Impression: Sunrise and originated in a derogatory comment from a journalist. | 1874 | Africa - Central Africa | German botanist Georg Schweinfurth publishes The Heart of Africa and it promotes interest in the Kingdoms of Central Africa. | 1875 | Africa | The Free Church of Scotland establishes the Livingstonia Mission at the southern end of Lake Malawi | 1875 | North America - USA | Bell transmits first voice message over wires | 1876 | North America - USA | Centennial Exposition also known as the International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and Mine opens in Philadelphia | 1878 | North America - USA | First North American telephone exchange established at New Haven, Connecticut. | 1880 | Australia | The outlaw Ned Kelly is executed in Melbourne, Australia. | 1883 | Europe - Spain | Antoni Gaudí (1852-1926) is appointed to construct the Templo Expiatorio de la Sagrada Familia in Barcelona with his naturalistic architectural style. | 1885 | North America - USA Alvin Langdon Coburn, 1908, 21 December, Mark Twain, Photogravure, George Eastman Museum, | Mark Twain (1835-1910) publishes The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn | 1885 | Africa | H. Rider Haggard publishes the novel King Solomon's Mines. | 1886 | North America - USA | Statue of Liberty in New York harbour is dedicated | 1889 | Europe - France | The Eiffel Tower is completed and the Exposition Universelle is held in Paris. | 1889 | Europe - Great Britain | First exhibition of Impressionist paintings is held in England. Sickert and Steer organize the exhibition London Impressionists with the members of New English Art Club that was founded in 1886. | 1893 | North America - USA | World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago | 1896 | South America | Teatro Amazonas opens in Manaus, Brazil | 1900 | Europe - France Alphonse Marie Mucha, 1900, Study for the Bosnia-Hercegovina pavilion at the World Fair, Paris, Gelatin silver print, toned, Paul Cava Fine Art, | The Exposition Universelle (International Exposition) opens in Paris | 1901 | Europe - Great Britain | Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) transmits radio messages from England to Canada. | 1902 | Europe - France Georges Mèliès, 1902, Le voyage dans la Lune #2, Gelatin silver print, AnamorFose, | Georges Méliès shows his film A Trip to the Moon in Paris. | 1903 | North America - USA | The first flight of a Wright brothers powered airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. | 1905 | North America - USA | The first cinema, the Nickelodeon, opens in Pittsburgh. | 1906 | North America - USA W.C. Mendenhall, 1906, Apr 20, San Francisco, California, Earthquake April 18, 1906. Phelan Building, United States Geological Service, | An earthquake destroys San Francisco and the resulting fires devastate the city. It is photographed by Edward Rodgers (San Francisco Morning Call), George Parmenter (San Francisco Examiner), George Haley (Chronicle) and a number of commercial photographers including Arnold Genthe take memorable pictures. | 1908 | North America - USA | The Ford Model T motor car is sold. | 1909 | Europe | Louis Blériot (1872-1936) flies across the English Channel in his plane. | 1911 | North America - USA Brown Brothers, 1911, Triangle Fire Victims Awaiting Identification, Gelatin silver print, Swann Galleries - New York, | Fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in New York kills 145 employees. | 1913 | North America - USA Unidentified photographer, 1913, Armory Show, View, Gelatin silver print, Source requested, | The International Exhibition of Modern Art is held in New York and becomes known as the Armory Show taking the name from the Armory building. The exhibition introduces the American public to European trends in painting and sculpture. It is a revelation to those that see it and it impacts on photography by showing that copying the stylistic techniques and conventions of painting, as many of the pictorialists do, is no longer valid. | 1914 | Europe - Great Britain 1914, 20 June, Magazine cover for "Blast - Review Of the Great English Vortex", No. 1, Magazine cover, P4 Photography (formerly Potássio Quatro), | The Vorticist Manifesto is published in their journal Blast. | 1916 | Europe - Germany Ruth Orkin, n.d., Einstein, Gelatin silver print, Fay Gold Gallery, | Albert Einstein proposes the General Theory of Relativity. | 1917 | Europe - France Alfred Stieglitz, 1917, Fountain by R. Mutt, Book page, Creative Commons - Wikipedia, | Marcel Duchamp exhibits his surrealist work The Fountain using a upturned urinal. | 1919 | Europe - Germany Lucia Moholy, n.d., Walter Gropius, Musée de l'Elysée, | Walter Gropius founds the Bauhaus school of design. | 1919 | Europe - France | The French film director Abel Gance (1889-1981) releases the anti-war film J'accuse!. In it he uses wounded actors to portray the ghosts of fallen men. In 1924 John Heartfield created the photomontage After ten years: fathers and sons in which he uses skeletons and marching soldiers to depict the futility of war. | 1922 | North America - USA | Hollywood's first Technicolor film Toll of the Sea is released. | 1922 | Africa - Egypt Harry Burton, 1922, Howard Carter (kneeling), an Egyptian workman, and Arthur Callender at doors of burial shrines in Pharao Tutankhamen's tomb., Photograph, Creative Commons - Wikipedia, | The tomb of King Tutankhamen is discovered by Howard Carter. | 1924 | Europe - France Unidentified photographer, 1923, Portrait of André Breton at the carnival, Gelatin silver print, Internet - Original source ill-defined, | André Breton (1896-1966) publishes the first Surrealist manifesto | 1924 | North America - USA | AT&T sends photographs over a wire. | 1925 | North America - USA | The Scopes Monkey Trial takes place in Tennessee. | 1925 | North America - USA | F. Scott Fitzgerald publishes The Great Gatsby. | 1925 | Europe - Great Britain | John Logie Baird transmits the first wireless photographic picture. | 1927 | North America - USA | The first talking picture The Jazz Singer starring Al Jolson is released. | 1927 | Europe | First trans-Atlantic telephone call | 1928 | North America - USA | Mickey Mouse is shown for the first time by Walt Disney | 1928 | Europe - Spain | Luis Buñuel (1900-1983) and Salvador Dalí (1904-1989) makes Un Chien Andalou (An Andalusian Dog), | 1929 | North America - USA | Museum of Modern Art opens in New York. | 1931 | Europe - Spain | Salvador Dalí (1904-1989) paints The Persistence of Memory | 1932 | North America - USA | Amelia Earhart (1897-1937) flies solo across the Atlantic. | 1934 | Europe - Germany Leni Riefenstahl, 1935, Poster for the film "Triumph des Willens", Poster, Creative Commons - Wikipedia, | Nuremberg Nazi Party rally headed by Adolf Hitler. Leni Riefenstahl films the rally and makes it into the propaganda film Triumph of the Will (Triumph des Willens) which comes out in 1935. | 1937 | Europe - Spain Dora Maar, 1937, May-June, Reportage sur l'évolution de «Guernica» (Photo Report of the Evolution of "Guernica"), Gelatin silver print, Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia, | Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) paints Guernica that commemorates the German bombing of the Basque town during the Spanish Civil War. | 1938 | North America - USA | The full length cartoon Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs is shown. | 1938 | Europe - Spain | George Orwell publishes Homage to Catalonia | 1939 | North America - USA | The film The Wizard of Oz is released. | 1939 | North America - USA | John Steinbeck publishes The Grapes of Wrath | 1939 | North America - USA | The film Gone with the Wind is released. | 1942 | North America - USA | Edward Hopper paints Nighthawks | 1943 | North America - USA | The film Casablanca is released. | 1945 | Europe - Great Britain | George Orwell publishes Animal Farm. | 1949 | North America - USA | Arthur Miller play Death of a Salesman opens. | 1949 | Europe - France Jean Manzon, 1952, 12 January, Front cover for "Paris Match" No. 147, Magazine cover, Private collection, | Paris Match is founded as a quality weekly using extensive photo-reportage. | 1951 | North America - USA | J. D. Salinger publishes The Catcher in the Rye | 1951 | Europe - Great Britain | The Festival of Britain is held to mark to centennial of the Great Exhibition of 1851. | 1953 | Global | James Watson and Francis Crick announce that DNA has the form of a double helix and go on to receive the Nobel prize for their work. Their work is partially based on the 1952 work of Rosalind Franklin who had produced x-ray evidence and notes on the DNA molecule. | 1955 | North America - USA | The poem Howl by Allen Ginsberg with its exploration of drug-induced realities of the Beat generation was censored but finally published in 1957 to wide acclaim. | 1957 | North America - USA | Jack Kerouac publishes On the Road. | 1961 | North America - USA | Alan Shepard makes the first American space flight. | 1961 | North America - USA | Joseph Heller publishes Catch-22. | 1962 | North America - USA | Andy Warhol paints his Campbell's Soup Cans. | 1963 | North America - USA | Bob Dylan records Blowin' in the Wind | 1967 | North America - USA | The film The Graduate is released. | 1967 | South America - Columbia | Gabriel García Márquez publishes One Hundred Years of Solitude | 1969 | North America - USA | The Woodstock Music Festival | 1969 | North America - USA Unidentified photographer / artist, 1969, Earthrise sequence - Earth rises over lunar horizon, NASA, | American astronauts (Neil Armstrong and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin) from Apollo 11 land on the moon whilst Michael Collins looks after the ship. | 1976 | Europe - Great Britain | The single Anarchy in the U.K. by the Sex Pistols attacks middle class attitudes of commercialism and punk rock influences music and fashion. | 1977 | North America - USA | The film Star Wars is released. | 1980 | North America - USA | The Personal Computer (PC) is launched by IBM. | 1986 | North America - USA | The space shuttle Challenger explodes. | 1990 | North America - USA | Adobe releases Photoshop 1.0 for Apple Macintosh computers. | 1992 | North America - USA | Tim Berners-Lee develops the HTML protocol for exchanging information over the WWW. | 1993 | North America - USA | The play Angels in America by Tony Kushner is shown on Broadway. | 1993 | North America - USA | The first browser for WWW HTML pages is released by NCSA. | 1996 | North America - USA | Microsoft releases the first version of its Internet Explorer WWW browser. | 1997 | Europe - Great Britain | The Sensation exhibition at the Royal Academy in London. | 2003 | Global | The complete human genome is published by the The Human Genome Project (HGP); it is the culmination of the 13-year project. |